July 18, 1914





RECORD  AND  GUIDE





113





ings, including drum machines, worm
geared and helical geared traction ma¬
chines; and in the case of the higher
buildings with highest speed require¬
ments, the two to one gearless machine.
The cost of the various types increases
in the order in which the machines have
»becn named. The drum machine for
speeds more than two hundred and fifty
feet is. however, less desirable than the
tractioii type from the viewpoint of
safety. It is, however, cheaper in ■ its
initial cost and on that account wiU
probably continue to be used for the
lower speeds for several years to come.
Size o£ Cars.

Care should be exercised in deter¬
mining the size of hatchways, so that
the cars—particularly those used for
carrying employes—may be as large as
possible; and they should preferably be
wider than they are deep, with large
openings so as to facilitate loading and
unloading of the cars.

In determining the size of the car
and the corresponding lifting capacity
of the elevator machines, an allowance
of at least eightv to eighty-five pounds
per square foot of floor area should be
allowed for the service elevators, al¬
though the Building Department re¬
quirement is only seventy-five pounds
per square foot. The reason I recom¬
mend the higher figure is because of the
crowding which takes place, particularly
at the noon hour and at night, as m
these cases it has been found that load¬
ings of approximately this amount oc¬
cur.                                                             .

The cars should have an entrance at
only one side where it is at all possible
to avoid doing otherwise. In many
cases, particularly for service elevators,
openings are provided at the front and
back, so that the cars may_ be loaded
from a corridor on one side at the
ground or basement floors and unloaded
from the other side at the upper floors.
Having two doors in the car frequently
leads to accidents and is to be avoided
•wherever possible. Where it is notpos-
sible to avoid having two openings,
means should be provided whereby the
operator may close the rear door in the
hatchway and in the car also, by com¬
pressed air or similar device, so that he
need not leave the car switch. Fur¬
thermore, electric contacts or interlock¬
ing devices should be provided so that
the car could not be started until the
door and gate were positively closed.
Safety  Device.

As a matter of fact, means should be
provided on all hatchway openings to
prevent the movement of the car until
the door is closed. While this adds
slightly to the cost of the equipment,
it unquestionably is the most needed
safety device in the elevator equipment,
because hatchway accidents which could
be prevented by devices of this kind,
are the most frequent of all accidents.
The service elevator should be equipped
with the same type and grade of satety
devices as used on passenger elevators.
As a matter of fact, the service eleva¬
tors are likely to be overloaded and
require safety devices even more than
the  passenger  elevators.

In the schedule is '-iven a list of
twenty-two typical New York loft
buildings of various heisrhts^ and sizes,
showing the number and kind of ele¬
vators, the height of buildine, number
of stories served and the total rentable
area per elevator due to differences in
show the wide variation in the rentable
area per elevator due to diflferences in
the business transacted in the various
buildings aiid also to improper judg¬
ment used in determininp- tlie number
nf elevators. In some of the build¬
ings the elevator service has proved sat¬
isfactory, but in others, the service has
been found inadequate owing to errors
in judgment exercised in determining
the number of elevators or their speed.





Serve All Alike,

One of the worst things that could
happen to any country is to enact laws
which are calculated to protect one class
of citizens to the detriment of another
class. Both are injured and both be¬
come distrustful and dissatisfied.—Judge
E- H. Gary.





USEFUL appliances!





Nvvelties, New Applications of Familiar Devices
and the Trend of Invention, Designed to Aid the
Architect, Builder and Building Manager, Described
Without   Regard   to   Advertising   Consideration





Coal Chute Flush With Lawn.

OWNERS of suburban homes, espe¬
cially tliose painted white, have
long sought for a coal chute that will
do away with the annoyance of smut
appearing on the white surface of build¬
ings after the coal man has dumped sev¬
eral tons of furnace coal through it into







the cellar. It seems that the Gait Stove
and Furnace Company, of Gait, Ontario,
has something tliat should solve the
problem.

The device consists of a chute placed
flush with the lawn and protruding, un¬
derground, through the cellar wall into
the basement coal pocket as shown in
the illustration. It is especially adapt¬
able in cases where the floor is on the
same level with the sidewalk.





A Novel Urinal Flush.

EFFICIENCY seems to have reached
the ultimate application when
urinals in a hotel lavatory are flushed
by water discharged by beer pumps in
the cafe, but the fact is vouched for by
the Plumbers' Trade Review, throtigh
the courtesy of which the accompanying
illustration'is printed.    The air is drawn







from the outside through the smaller
pipes shown in the top and then dis¬
charged to the beer taps. In this man¬
ner fresh air onl}^ is pumped into the
beer kegs. The operation of the beer
pump is automatic and the periods be¬
tween flushes in the urinals are only a
few minutes apart. The waste water, in¬
stead of being permitted to go from the
beer pumps into the sewer are directed
to the toilet fixtures and perform a drain
service before being sent to the soil
pipes. The arrangement is entirely sani¬
tary according to E. Ed. Hants, of York.
pa., who made  the installation.





Scale  Salts and  Feed Water.

ACCORDING to statistics, most de¬
fects in steam boilers are due to
scale and deposits, thus showing the
importance of knowing the amount of
scale-producing salts in feed water, says
"Power." To detect individual impuri¬
ties in water is a rather troublesome job
and as scale is caused by two or three
chief impurities, the following is a good
way for an engineer, with the aid of in¬
expensive apparatus, to estimate the
amount of these scale-producing sub¬
stances. Some scale forms when hard
water is heated and is due to deposits
of calcium and magnesium carbonates
and calcium and magnesium sulphates.
The former arise from temporary and
the  latter from permanent  hardness.

In the first case, the salts are in solu¬
tion as bicarbonates, which, on boiling,
lose the carbonic-acid gas and are con¬
verted into normal crystalline carbon¬
ates which are precipitated, the particles
sticking to the side, forming scale. In
the latter case, the salts are in solution
as sulphates. These are not affected by
boiling and the scale in this instance
is formed simply by evaporation.

The total hardness is the amount due
to both the temporary and permanent.
Both temporary and permanent hard¬
ness may be tried for, and the result
will give the amount of impurities caus¬
ing scale. A standard is adopted as
"degrees of hardness" and is expressed
as grains per gallon or parts by weight
in  100.000.





A   Part-Way-Dump  Coal   Carrier.

THE Bertha Mining Companj^ re¬
cently ordered an interesting spe¬
cial type of dump car for handling coal
to their boilers, the car only dumping
part way and remaining in position so
that the material could be shoveled out
easily and rapidly. When loading, the
cars remain in normal upright position,
but when unloading it is tipped over to







the position shown in the cut and held
by an adjustable calk which fits under
the rockers.

The car was designed for running
over floors and is provided with flange-
less wheels and Swivel front axle with
handle so that it can be pulled in
any direction. It was designed and the
underframe is made by the Orenstein-
Arthur Koppen Company's special wide
flange channel and roller bearings.
----------------♦----------------

Liberty  vs.  Restriction.

Just as the driving force of an en¬
gine is to be found in the steam chest
and not in the brake, so the driving
force in civilization will be found in lib¬
erty and not in restriction. The cycle
will, in due time and after a colossal
waste of energy and of accomplishment,
complete itself^ and liberty will _ once
more displace regulation and restriction
as the dominant idea in the minds of
men. It is worth your while to take
note, therefore, that while liberty is not
now in the foreground of human think¬
ing and human action, it cannot long be
keep out of the place which of right and
of necessity belongs to it.—President
Nicholas Murray Butler.





The National Association of Building
Owners and Managers is in session this
week at Duluth. See report on another
pager